586 lines
20 KiB
C
586 lines
20 KiB
C
/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
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/* Program: STREAM */
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/* Revision: $Id: stream.c,v 5.10 2013/01/17 16:01:06 mccalpin Exp mccalpin $ */
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/* Original code developed by John D. McCalpin */
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/* Programmers: John D. McCalpin */
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/* Joe R. Zagar */
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/* */
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/* This program measures memory transfer rates in MB/s for simple */
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/* computational kernels coded in C. */
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/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
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/* Copyright 1991-2013: John D. McCalpin */
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/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
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/* License: */
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/* 1. You are free to use this program and/or to redistribute */
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/* this program. */
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/* 2. You are free to modify this program for your own use, */
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/* including commercial use, subject to the publication */
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/* restrictions in item 3. */
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/* 3. You are free to publish results obtained from running this */
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/* program, or from works that you derive from this program, */
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/* with the following limitations: */
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/* 3a. In order to be referred to as "STREAM benchmark results", */
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/* published results must be in conformance to the STREAM */
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/* Run Rules, (briefly reviewed below) published at */
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/* http://www.cs.virginia.edu/stream/ref.html */
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/* and incorporated herein by reference. */
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/* As the copyright holder, John McCalpin retains the */
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/* right to determine conformity with the Run Rules. */
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/* 3b. Results based on modified source code or on runs not in */
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/* accordance with the STREAM Run Rules must be clearly */
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/* labelled whenever they are published. Examples of */
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/* proper labelling include: */
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/* "tuned STREAM benchmark results" */
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/* "based on a variant of the STREAM benchmark code" */
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/* Other comparable, clear, and reasonable labelling is */
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/* acceptable. */
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/* 3c. Submission of results to the STREAM benchmark web site */
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/* is encouraged, but not required. */
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/* 4. Use of this program or creation of derived works based on this */
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/* program constitutes acceptance of these licensing restrictions. */
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/* 5. Absolutely no warranty is expressed or implied. */
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/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
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# include <stdio.h>
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# include <unistd.h>
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# include <math.h>
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# include <float.h>
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# include <limits.h>
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# include <sys/time.h>
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/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------
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* INSTRUCTIONS:
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*
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* 1) STREAM requires different amounts of memory to run on different
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* systems, depending on both the system cache size(s) and the
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* granularity of the system timer.
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* You should adjust the value of 'STREAM_ARRAY_SIZE' (below)
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* to meet *both* of the following criteria:
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* (a) Each array must be at least 4 times the size of the
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* available cache memory. I don't worry about the difference
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* between 10^6 and 2^20, so in practice the minimum array size
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* is about 3.8 times the cache size.
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* Example 1: One Xeon E3 with 8 MB L3 cache
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* STREAM_ARRAY_SIZE should be >= 4 million, giving
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* an array size of 30.5 MB and a total memory requirement
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* of 91.5 MB.
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* Example 2: Two Xeon E5's with 20 MB L3 cache each (using OpenMP)
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* STREAM_ARRAY_SIZE should be >= 20 million, giving
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* an array size of 153 MB and a total memory requirement
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* of 458 MB.
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* (b) The size should be large enough so that the 'timing calibration'
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* output by the program is at least 20 clock-ticks.
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* Example: most versions of Windows have a 10 millisecond timer
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* granularity. 20 "ticks" at 10 ms/tic is 200 milliseconds.
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* If the chip is capable of 10 GB/s, it moves 2 GB in 200 msec.
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* This means the each array must be at least 1 GB, or 128M elements.
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*
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* Version 5.10 increases the default array size from 2 million
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* elements to 10 million elements in response to the increasing
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* size of L3 caches. The new default size is large enough for caches
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* up to 20 MB.
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* Version 5.10 changes the loop index variables from "register int"
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* to "ssize_t", which allows array indices >2^32 (4 billion)
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* on properly configured 64-bit systems. Additional compiler options
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* (such as "-mcmodel=medium") may be required for large memory runs.
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*
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* Array size can be set at compile time without modifying the source
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* code for the (many) compilers that support preprocessor definitions
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* on the compile line. E.g.,
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* gcc -O -DSTREAM_ARRAY_SIZE=100000000 stream.c -o stream.100M
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* will override the default size of 10M with a new size of 100M elements
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* per array.
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*/
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#ifndef STREAM_ARRAY_SIZE
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# define STREAM_ARRAY_SIZE 10000000
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#endif
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/* 2) STREAM runs each kernel "NTIMES" times and reports the *best* result
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* for any iteration after the first, therefore the minimum value
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* for NTIMES is 2.
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* There are no rules on maximum allowable values for NTIMES, but
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* values larger than the default are unlikely to noticeably
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* increase the reported performance.
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* NTIMES can also be set on the compile line without changing the source
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* code using, for example, "-DNTIMES=7".
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*/
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#ifdef NTIMES
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#if NTIMES<=1
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# define NTIMES 10
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#endif
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#endif
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#ifndef NTIMES
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# define NTIMES 10
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#endif
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/* Users are allowed to modify the "OFFSET" variable, which *may* change the
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* relative alignment of the arrays (though compilers may change the
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* effective offset by making the arrays non-contiguous on some systems).
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* Use of non-zero values for OFFSET can be especially helpful if the
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* STREAM_ARRAY_SIZE is set to a value close to a large power of 2.
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* OFFSET can also be set on the compile line without changing the source
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* code using, for example, "-DOFFSET=56".
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*/
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#ifndef OFFSET
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# define OFFSET 0
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#endif
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/*
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* 3) Compile the code with optimization. Many compilers generate
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* unreasonably bad code before the optimizer tightens things up.
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* If the results are unreasonably good, on the other hand, the
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* optimizer might be too smart for me!
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*
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* For a simple single-core version, try compiling with:
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* cc -O stream.c -o stream
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* This is known to work on many, many systems....
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*
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* To use multiple cores, you need to tell the compiler to obey the OpenMP
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* directives in the code. This varies by compiler, but a common example is
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* gcc -O -fopenmp stream.c -o stream_omp
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* The environment variable OMP_NUM_THREADS allows runtime control of the
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* number of threads/cores used when the resulting "stream_omp" program
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* is executed.
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*
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* To run with single-precision variables and arithmetic, simply add
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* -DSTREAM_TYPE=float
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* to the compile line.
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* Note that this changes the minimum array sizes required --- see (1) above.
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*
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* The preprocessor directive "TUNED" does not do much -- it simply causes the
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* code to call separate functions to execute each kernel. Trivial versions
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* of these functions are provided, but they are *not* tuned -- they just
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* provide predefined interfaces to be replaced with tuned code.
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*
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*
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* 4) Optional: Mail the results to mccalpin@cs.virginia.edu
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* Be sure to include info that will help me understand:
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* a) the computer hardware configuration (e.g., processor model, memory type)
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* b) the compiler name/version and compilation flags
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* c) any run-time information (such as OMP_NUM_THREADS)
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* d) all of the output from the test case.
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*
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* Thanks!
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*
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*-----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
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# define HLINE "-------------------------------------------------------------\n"
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# ifndef MIN
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# define MIN(x,y) ((x)<(y)?(x):(y))
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# endif
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# ifndef MAX
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# define MAX(x,y) ((x)>(y)?(x):(y))
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# endif
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#ifndef STREAM_TYPE
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#define STREAM_TYPE double
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#endif
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static STREAM_TYPE a[STREAM_ARRAY_SIZE+OFFSET],
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b[STREAM_ARRAY_SIZE+OFFSET],
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c[STREAM_ARRAY_SIZE+OFFSET];
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static double avgtime[4] = {0}, maxtime[4] = {0},
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mintime[4] = {FLT_MAX,FLT_MAX,FLT_MAX,FLT_MAX};
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static char *label[4] = {"Copy: ", "Scale: ",
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"Add: ", "Triad: "};
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static double bytes[4] = {
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2 * sizeof(STREAM_TYPE) * STREAM_ARRAY_SIZE,
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2 * sizeof(STREAM_TYPE) * STREAM_ARRAY_SIZE,
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3 * sizeof(STREAM_TYPE) * STREAM_ARRAY_SIZE,
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3 * sizeof(STREAM_TYPE) * STREAM_ARRAY_SIZE
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};
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extern double mysecond();
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extern void checkSTREAMresults();
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#ifdef TUNED
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extern void tuned_STREAM_Copy();
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extern void tuned_STREAM_Scale(STREAM_TYPE scalar);
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extern void tuned_STREAM_Add();
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extern void tuned_STREAM_Triad(STREAM_TYPE scalar);
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#endif
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#ifdef _OPENMP
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extern int omp_get_num_threads();
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#endif
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int
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main()
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{
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int quantum, checktick();
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int BytesPerWord;
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int k;
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ssize_t j;
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STREAM_TYPE scalar;
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double t, times[4][NTIMES];
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/* --- SETUP --- determine precision and check timing --- */
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printf(HLINE);
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printf("STREAM version $Revision: 5.10 $\n");
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printf(HLINE);
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BytesPerWord = sizeof(STREAM_TYPE);
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printf("This system uses %d bytes per array element.\n",
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BytesPerWord);
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printf(HLINE);
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#ifdef N
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printf("***** WARNING: ******\n");
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printf(" It appears that you set the preprocessor variable N when compiling this code.\n");
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printf(" This version of the code uses the preprocessor variable STREAM_ARRAY_SIZE to control the array size\n");
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printf(" Reverting to default value of STREAM_ARRAY_SIZE=%llu\n",(unsigned long long) STREAM_ARRAY_SIZE);
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printf("***** WARNING: ******\n");
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#endif
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printf("Array size = %llu (elements), Offset = %d (elements)\n" , (unsigned long long) STREAM_ARRAY_SIZE, OFFSET);
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printf("Memory per array = %.1f MiB (= %.1f GiB).\n",
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BytesPerWord * ( (double) STREAM_ARRAY_SIZE / 1024.0/1024.0),
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BytesPerWord * ( (double) STREAM_ARRAY_SIZE / 1024.0/1024.0/1024.0));
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printf("Total memory required = %.1f MiB (= %.1f GiB).\n",
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(3.0 * BytesPerWord) * ( (double) STREAM_ARRAY_SIZE / 1024.0/1024.),
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(3.0 * BytesPerWord) * ( (double) STREAM_ARRAY_SIZE / 1024.0/1024./1024.));
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printf("Each kernel will be executed %d times.\n", NTIMES);
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printf(" The *best* time for each kernel (excluding the first iteration)\n");
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printf(" will be used to compute the reported bandwidth.\n");
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#ifdef _OPENMP
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printf(HLINE);
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#pragma omp parallel
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{
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#pragma omp master
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{
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k = omp_get_num_threads();
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printf ("Number of Threads requested = %i\n",k);
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}
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}
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#endif
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#ifdef _OPENMP
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k = 0;
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#pragma omp parallel
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#pragma omp atomic
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k++;
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printf ("Number of Threads counted = %i\n",k);
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#endif
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/* Get initial value for system clock. */
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#pragma omp parallel for
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for (j=0; j<STREAM_ARRAY_SIZE; j++) {
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a[j] = 1.0;
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b[j] = 2.0;
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c[j] = 0.0;
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}
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printf(HLINE);
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if ( (quantum = checktick()) >= 1)
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printf("Your clock granularity/precision appears to be "
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"%d microseconds.\n", quantum);
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else {
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printf("Your clock granularity appears to be "
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"less than one microsecond.\n");
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quantum = 1;
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}
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t = mysecond();
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#pragma omp parallel for
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for (j = 0; j < STREAM_ARRAY_SIZE; j++)
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a[j] = 2.0E0 * a[j];
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t = 1.0E6 * (mysecond() - t);
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printf("Each test below will take on the order"
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" of %d microseconds.\n", (int) t );
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printf(" (= %d clock ticks)\n", (int) (t/quantum) );
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printf("Increase the size of the arrays if this shows that\n");
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printf("you are not getting at least 20 clock ticks per test.\n");
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printf(HLINE);
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printf("WARNING -- The above is only a rough guideline.\n");
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printf("For best results, please be sure you know the\n");
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printf("precision of your system timer.\n");
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printf(HLINE);
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/* --- MAIN LOOP --- repeat test cases NTIMES times --- */
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scalar = 3.0;
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for (k=0; k<NTIMES; k++)
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{
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times[0][k] = mysecond();
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#ifdef TUNED
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tuned_STREAM_Copy();
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#else
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#pragma omp parallel for
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for (j=0; j<STREAM_ARRAY_SIZE; j++)
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c[j] = a[j];
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#endif
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times[0][k] = mysecond() - times[0][k];
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times[1][k] = mysecond();
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#ifdef TUNED
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tuned_STREAM_Scale(scalar);
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#else
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#pragma omp parallel for
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for (j=0; j<STREAM_ARRAY_SIZE; j++)
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b[j] = scalar*c[j];
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#endif
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times[1][k] = mysecond() - times[1][k];
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times[2][k] = mysecond();
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#ifdef TUNED
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tuned_STREAM_Add();
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#else
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#pragma omp parallel for
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for (j=0; j<STREAM_ARRAY_SIZE; j++)
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c[j] = a[j]+b[j];
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#endif
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times[2][k] = mysecond() - times[2][k];
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times[3][k] = mysecond();
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#ifdef TUNED
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tuned_STREAM_Triad(scalar);
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#else
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#pragma omp parallel for
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for (j=0; j<STREAM_ARRAY_SIZE; j++)
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a[j] = b[j]+scalar*c[j];
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#endif
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times[3][k] = mysecond() - times[3][k];
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}
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/* --- SUMMARY --- */
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for (k=1; k<NTIMES; k++) /* note -- skip first iteration */
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{
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for (j=0; j<4; j++)
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{
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avgtime[j] = avgtime[j] + times[j][k];
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mintime[j] = MIN(mintime[j], times[j][k]);
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maxtime[j] = MAX(maxtime[j], times[j][k]);
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}
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}
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printf("Function Best Rate MB/s Avg time Min time Max time\n");
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for (j=0; j<4; j++) {
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avgtime[j] = avgtime[j]/(double)(NTIMES-1);
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printf("%s%12.1f %11.6f %11.6f %11.6f\n", label[j],
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1.0E-06 * bytes[j]/mintime[j],
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avgtime[j],
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mintime[j],
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maxtime[j]);
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}
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printf(HLINE);
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/* --- Check Results --- */
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checkSTREAMresults();
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printf(HLINE);
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return 0;
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}
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# define M 20
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int
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checktick()
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{
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int i, minDelta, Delta;
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double t1, t2, timesfound[M];
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/* Collect a sequence of M unique time values from the system. */
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for (i = 0; i < M; i++) {
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t1 = mysecond();
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while( ((t2=mysecond()) - t1) < 1.0E-6 )
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;
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timesfound[i] = t1 = t2;
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}
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/*
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* Determine the minimum difference between these M values.
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* This result will be our estimate (in microseconds) for the
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* clock granularity.
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*/
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minDelta = 1000000;
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for (i = 1; i < M; i++) {
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Delta = (int)( 1.0E6 * (timesfound[i]-timesfound[i-1]));
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minDelta = MIN(minDelta, MAX(Delta,0));
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}
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return(minDelta);
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}
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/* A gettimeofday routine to give access to the wall
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clock timer on most UNIX-like systems. */
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#include <sys/time.h>
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double mysecond()
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{
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struct timeval tp;
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struct timezone tzp;
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int i;
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i = gettimeofday(&tp,&tzp);
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return ( (double) tp.tv_sec + (double) tp.tv_usec * 1.e-6 );
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}
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#ifndef abs
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#define abs(a) ((a) >= 0 ? (a) : -(a))
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#endif
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void checkSTREAMresults ()
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{
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STREAM_TYPE aj,bj,cj,scalar;
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STREAM_TYPE aSumErr,bSumErr,cSumErr;
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STREAM_TYPE aAvgErr,bAvgErr,cAvgErr;
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double epsilon;
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ssize_t j;
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int k,ierr,err;
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/* reproduce initialization */
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aj = 1.0;
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bj = 2.0;
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cj = 0.0;
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/* a[] is modified during timing check */
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aj = 2.0E0 * aj;
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/* now execute timing loop */
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scalar = 3.0;
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for (k=0; k<NTIMES; k++)
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{
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cj = aj;
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bj = scalar*cj;
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cj = aj+bj;
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aj = bj+scalar*cj;
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}
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/* accumulate deltas between observed and expected results */
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aSumErr = 0.0;
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bSumErr = 0.0;
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cSumErr = 0.0;
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for (j=0; j<STREAM_ARRAY_SIZE; j++) {
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aSumErr += abs(a[j] - aj);
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bSumErr += abs(b[j] - bj);
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cSumErr += abs(c[j] - cj);
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// if (j == 417) printf("Index 417: c[j]: %f, cj: %f\n",c[j],cj); // MCCALPIN
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}
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aAvgErr = aSumErr / (STREAM_TYPE) STREAM_ARRAY_SIZE;
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bAvgErr = bSumErr / (STREAM_TYPE) STREAM_ARRAY_SIZE;
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cAvgErr = cSumErr / (STREAM_TYPE) STREAM_ARRAY_SIZE;
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if (sizeof(STREAM_TYPE) == 4) {
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epsilon = 1.e-6;
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}
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else if (sizeof(STREAM_TYPE) == 8) {
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epsilon = 1.e-13;
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}
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else {
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printf("WEIRD: sizeof(STREAM_TYPE) = %lu\n",sizeof(STREAM_TYPE));
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epsilon = 1.e-6;
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}
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err = 0;
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if (abs(aAvgErr/aj) > epsilon) {
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err++;
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printf ("Failed Validation on array a[], AvgRelAbsErr > epsilon (%e)\n",epsilon);
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printf (" Expected Value: %e, AvgAbsErr: %e, AvgRelAbsErr: %e\n",aj,aAvgErr,abs(aAvgErr)/aj);
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ierr = 0;
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for (j=0; j<STREAM_ARRAY_SIZE; j++) {
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if (abs(a[j]/aj-1.0) > epsilon) {
|
|
ierr++;
|
|
#ifdef VERBOSE
|
|
if (ierr < 10) {
|
|
printf(" array a: index: %ld, expected: %e, observed: %e, relative error: %e\n",
|
|
j,aj,a[j],abs((aj-a[j])/aAvgErr));
|
|
}
|
|
#endif
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
printf(" For array a[], %d errors were found.\n",ierr);
|
|
}
|
|
if (abs(bAvgErr/bj) > epsilon) {
|
|
err++;
|
|
printf ("Failed Validation on array b[], AvgRelAbsErr > epsilon (%e)\n",epsilon);
|
|
printf (" Expected Value: %e, AvgAbsErr: %e, AvgRelAbsErr: %e\n",bj,bAvgErr,abs(bAvgErr)/bj);
|
|
printf (" AvgRelAbsErr > Epsilon (%e)\n",epsilon);
|
|
ierr = 0;
|
|
for (j=0; j<STREAM_ARRAY_SIZE; j++) {
|
|
if (abs(b[j]/bj-1.0) > epsilon) {
|
|
ierr++;
|
|
#ifdef VERBOSE
|
|
if (ierr < 10) {
|
|
printf(" array b: index: %ld, expected: %e, observed: %e, relative error: %e\n",
|
|
j,bj,b[j],abs((bj-b[j])/bAvgErr));
|
|
}
|
|
#endif
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
printf(" For array b[], %d errors were found.\n",ierr);
|
|
}
|
|
if (abs(cAvgErr/cj) > epsilon) {
|
|
err++;
|
|
printf ("Failed Validation on array c[], AvgRelAbsErr > epsilon (%e)\n",epsilon);
|
|
printf (" Expected Value: %e, AvgAbsErr: %e, AvgRelAbsErr: %e\n",cj,cAvgErr,abs(cAvgErr)/cj);
|
|
printf (" AvgRelAbsErr > Epsilon (%e)\n",epsilon);
|
|
ierr = 0;
|
|
for (j=0; j<STREAM_ARRAY_SIZE; j++) {
|
|
if (abs(c[j]/cj-1.0) > epsilon) {
|
|
ierr++;
|
|
#ifdef VERBOSE
|
|
if (ierr < 10) {
|
|
printf(" array c: index: %ld, expected: %e, observed: %e, relative error: %e\n",
|
|
j,cj,c[j],abs((cj-c[j])/cAvgErr));
|
|
}
|
|
#endif
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
printf(" For array c[], %d errors were found.\n",ierr);
|
|
}
|
|
if (err == 0) {
|
|
printf ("Solution Validates: avg error less than %e on all three arrays\n",epsilon);
|
|
}
|
|
#ifdef VERBOSE
|
|
printf ("Results Validation Verbose Results: \n");
|
|
printf (" Expected a(1), b(1), c(1): %f %f %f \n",aj,bj,cj);
|
|
printf (" Observed a(1), b(1), c(1): %f %f %f \n",a[1],b[1],c[1]);
|
|
printf (" Rel Errors on a, b, c: %e %e %e \n",abs(aAvgErr/aj),abs(bAvgErr/bj),abs(cAvgErr/cj));
|
|
#endif
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
#ifdef TUNED
|
|
/* stubs for "tuned" versions of the kernels */
|
|
void tuned_STREAM_Copy()
|
|
{
|
|
ssize_t j;
|
|
#pragma omp parallel for
|
|
for (j=0; j<STREAM_ARRAY_SIZE; j++)
|
|
c[j] = a[j];
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
void tuned_STREAM_Scale(STREAM_TYPE scalar)
|
|
{
|
|
ssize_t j;
|
|
#pragma omp parallel for
|
|
for (j=0; j<STREAM_ARRAY_SIZE; j++)
|
|
b[j] = scalar*c[j];
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
void tuned_STREAM_Add()
|
|
{
|
|
ssize_t j;
|
|
#pragma omp parallel for
|
|
for (j=0; j<STREAM_ARRAY_SIZE; j++)
|
|
c[j] = a[j]+b[j];
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
void tuned_STREAM_Triad(STREAM_TYPE scalar)
|
|
{
|
|
ssize_t j;
|
|
#pragma omp parallel for
|
|
for (j=0; j<STREAM_ARRAY_SIZE; j++)
|
|
a[j] = b[j]+scalar*c[j];
|
|
}
|
|
/* end of stubs for the "tuned" versions of the kernels */
|
|
#endif
|